islamic education science

Phases of Human Development in Islamic Education

To fulfill the assignment of Islamic education science

Lecturer:

Mr. Kholid Rahman M. Pd. I

Written  by :

Dhyna Agustiningtias (11110014)

Rohana Dwi Kartikawati (11110213)

TARBIYAH FACULTY

INTERNATIONAL CLASS PROGRAM

DEPARTEMENT OF ISLAMIC EDUCATION

(ICP-PAI)

STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY MAULANA MALIK IBRAHIM OF MALANG

March of 2013

A.    Terminology of Human Being in the Qur’an

There some kinds of term of “human being” in the Qur’an. First, using the word أنسان- إنس- الناس  which have the meaning “gentle/docile”, “harmonious”, “appear”.  Based on this definition, it shows that human being is having totality, soul and physical appearance. Second, in the Qur’an human being is also called as بشر, which has the basic meaning “appearing something well and beautifully”. The other  word from Qur’an, human being is بشرة, means the skin. From these definition, it shows that human being is having the real skin that is different to the other creature (animal). It was been explained in the Qur’an  Ar ruum :20.

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“And among his signs is this, that He created You (Adam) from dust, and Then [Hawwa' (Eve) from Adam's rib, and Then his offspring from the semen, and], - behold You are human beings scattered!”.

B.     Creating Human Being

All of creatures in this universe was been created by Allah SWT as the only of Almighty God who has full of right. He created every creature with the purpose. For example creating human being is to worshipping in order to remember Him in anywhere  and anytime. It is based on the Qur’an:

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28. And (remember) when Your Lord said to the angels: "I am going to create a man (Adam) from sounding clay of altered black smooth mud.

29. "So, when I have fashioned Him completely and breathed into Him (Adam) the soul which I created for him, Then fall (you) down prostrating yourselves unto him."

From the verse of Qur’an above, it has relation to the born of human being. In this case, being born is using corporation of  the other human being (parent). The way of since new born till getting adolescence, human being is through some steps or phases. Many of us are knowing these phases from the western figures, but actually it had been explained in the Qur’an as the first source of Islamic learning, even though it was been explained generally. Here it is the explanation of phases of human being development based on Islamic learning.

C.     Phases of Human Being Development

There is a little bit of opinion in deviating phases of human being development. In  this case, we divide those phases to be five phases. Those are phase of being soil, phase of being نطفة (sperm/gamete), phase of living in the womb (قرار مكين/Tube Uretina), phase of living in the world.

1.      Preconception period

This stage is period of human development before sperm and ovum are meeting. In this time is the role of parent.

First, finding partner of life. In this period, best or worse of partner is related by four aspects, they are marrying because of religiosity, lineage, beautifulness, or because of wealth. But our prophet considers to the religiosity of human being to be married. Such as hadis said:

عَنْ أَبِي هُرَيْرَةَ رَضِيَ اللَّهُ عَنْهُ عَنْ النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ قَالَ تُنْكَحُ الْمَرْأَةُ لِأَرْبَعٍ لِمَالِهَا وَلِحَسَبِهَا وَجَمَالِهَا وَلِدِينِهَا فَاظْفَرْ بِذَاتِ الدِّينِ تَرِبَتْ يَدَاكَ

“Abu Hurairah meriwayatkan bahwa Nabi SAW bersabda, “Perempuan itu dinikahi karena empat faktor, yaitu karena hartanya, keturunannya, kecantikannya, dan agamanya. Pilihlah yang beragama engkau akan selamat.”

Second, marrying after getting enough age. Marriage is very important for everyone who is achieving the ability of that, because building new generation based on Islamic learning is very important too. It is based on hadis:

“wahai segenap pemuda, barangsiapa yang mampu memikul beban keluarga hendaklah menikah, sesungguhnya menikah itu lebih dapat meredam gejolak mata dan nafsu seksual. Tapi barangsiapa yang belum mampu hendaklah dia berpuasa karena puasa itu benteng baginya”. (HR Bukhori) [1]

“menikahlah dengan wanita yang mencintaimu dan mampu member anak. Sesungguhnya aku akan membanggakanmu sebagai umat yang terbanyak.” (HR Abu Dawud) [2]

Islamic learning also explained about offspring lineage that is influencing  in resulting new generation. Islamic learning told that marrying to the near lineage is not bringing the betterment, because lineage is not just has relation to physic of the children, but also psychology and child  personal development. It is based on the verse of Qur’an An Nisa’ : 22-24

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22. And marry not women whom Your fathers married, except what has already passed; indeed it was shameful and Most hateful, and an evil way.

23. Forbidden to You (for marriage) are: Your mothers, Your daughters, Your sisters, Your father's sisters, Your mother's sisters, Your brother's daughters, Your sister's daughters, Your foster mother who gave You suck, Your foster milk suckling sisters, Your wives' mothers, Your step daughters under Your guardianship, born of Your wives to whom You have gone In - but there is no sin on You if You have not gone In them (to marry their daughters), - the wives of Your sons who (spring) from Your own loins, and two sisters In wedlock at the same time, except for what has already passed; Verily, Allâh is Oft­Forgiving, Most Merciful.

24. Also (forbidden are) women already married, except those (captives and slaves) whom Your Right hands possess. Thus has Allâh ordained for you. All others are lawful, provided You seek (them In marriage) with Mahr (bridal money given by the husband to his wife at the time of marriage) from Your property, desiring chastity, not committing illegal sexual intercourse, so with those of whom You have enjoyed sexual relations, give them their Mahr as prescribed; but if after a Mahr is prescribed, You agree mutually (to give more), there is no sin on you. surely, Allâh is ever All­Knowing, All­Wise.

v  Some effects of consanguineous marriage

a.       Increasing the possibility of getting two worse genetic from the parent

b.      Increasing death percentage for about 1,2 %

c.       Increasing the risk to be flawed

2.      Prenatal period

v  Phase of being soil

In this case, soil is the same with food potention, because the source of food is soil (sulalah min thin : saripati dari tanah / gonad). Gonad is resulting hormone (man and woman) that is very useful in reproducing process. Such as the sentence of Qur’an (QS. As Sajdah (32) : 7)

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”Who made everything He has created good, and He began the creation of man from clay”.

We can conclude that food is important for the new generation / child, because it gives two result. Good vitamin will resulting the best physic, and the way in getting and consuming food (halal, haram, makruh etc) will resulting the best psychic or everything has relation to psychology. Therefore, the Islamic education teach us about what kind of food that we able and unable to eat. It is based on the verse of Qur’an Al Baqarah: 168

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168. O mankind! eat of that which is lawful and good on the earth, and follow not the footsteps of Shaitân (Satan). Verily, He is to You an open enemy.

The other verses which are explaining about food based on Islamic learning are : 2:57, 2:172, 5:1, 5:4, 5:5, 5:88, 6:141, 6:142, 6:143, 6:144, 6:145, 7:157, 7:160, 16:72, 16:114, 17:70, 22:30, 23:51.

v  Phase of being نطفة (sperm/gamete)

v  Phase of being alaqah (embryo)

v  Phase of being mudghah (janin/segumpal daging)

v  Phase of being Idzam (bones)

v  Phase of being lahm (flesh as the cover of bones)

v  Phase of giving soul (khalqan akhar)

All of the phases above are the steps of human development from being soil/gonad, it the source of hormone from the both of parent which are resulting sperm and ovum, then it combines to be embryo. Cells of embryo will develop to be janin/fetus. After that, it develop to be bones till the flesh is covering it. In this phase, here it is the perfect case, so Allah SWT gives the soul. Such as said in the verse Qur’an Al Mu’minuun (23) : 12-14:

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12. And indeed we created man (Adam) out of an extract of clay (water and earth).

13. Thereafter we made Him (the offspring of Adam) as a Nutfah (mixed drops of the male and female sexual discharge) (and lodged it) In a safe lodging (womb of the woman).

14. Then we made the Nutfah into a clot (a piece of thick coagulated blood), Then we made the clot into a little lump of flesh, Then we made out of that little lump of flesh bones, Then we clothed the bones with flesh, and Then we brought it forth as another creation. so blessed be Allâh, the best of creators.

In this period, education process based on Islamic learning that able to do by the parent is by reading Qur’an, telling Islamic story etc. whereas based on  western education that has the same purpose is by listening classic music. All of education process that can be received by the baby is audio, because in this period the ability of baby is just listening and feeling environment around him.

3.      Natal period (baby)

In this period, temperament of parent to the baby is also showing the educational process, even though indirectly. Those temperaments are:

a.       Since the new born, father gives the positive sentences such as adzan to the right ear and iqomah to the left one. These ways are avoiding the baby from dangerous thing come from syaitan.

من ولد اه مولودٌ فأذَّنَ فى أُذُنهِ اليُمْنى وأقام فى أُذُنِهِ اليُسـرى لم تَضُرْهُ اُمُّ الصِبْيـانِ

“barang siapa diberi anak baru lahir, kemudia ia mengadzani pada telinga kanannya dan mengiqomati pada telinga kirinya maka anak tersebut tidak akan terkena bahaya ( اُمُّ الصِبْيـانِ  yakni informasi dari syaitan).”

b.      Considering to tonsure the baby’s hair on the 7^th day

c.        Considering to give aqiqah and the best name on the 7^th day

Aqiqah (Slaughtered two goats for boys and one goat for girls)

d.     إنَّكم تدعون يوم القيامة بأسـماءكم و بأسـمـاء أباءكم فأحسَنوا أسـماءكم [ رواه أبو داود ]

e.       Provide nutritious foods

f.       Mother breastfeed their children until the age of two years (give ASI)

g.      get used to living a clean, pure, and healthy

In this period the age for being baby is from 1 till 2 years old (1^st -24^th months after born from the womb), and their abilities are looking, touching and holding on. In this phase, usually after looking at certain object, baby wants to touch and hold on what they are looking.

After knowing the stage of baby, giving Islamic learning must be based on their own ability in order to make them understand easily. The first learning must be given to baby is continuing positive thinking that may be begun by saying positive in words, sentences etc.

4.      Childhood period

In this period, usually baby’s age is about 2 – 7 years old, children need to guidance of parent very much, because the ability of baby is caring something moving around him. In this case, the role of parent is influencing and deciding what the baby able and unable to do, in physic and psychic.  The role important that the parent have to do it as below:

·       taking care of them

·       growing them up

·       directing 

It is based on the Qur’an  at Al-Kahfi verse of 46:

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46. Wealth and Children are the adornment of the life of This world. but the good righteous deeds (five compulsory prayers, deeds of Allâh's obedience, good and nice talk, remembrance of Allâh with glorification, praises and thanks, etc.), that last, are better with Your Lord for rewards and better In respect of hope.

From the verse above, we can take two understandings,

v  Loving wealth and children is the base characteristic of human being,  because the both are worlds jewelry have been given by Almighty God.

v  There are only wealth and virtuous children that able to be taken the benefit. Parent have to educate the children in order to be virtuous, and able to give the benefit to the other people (khirun nas anfa’uhum linnas).

Educational process in this period, parent have to do something positive. Because the children will take care of that and it is possible if they want to follow what the parent are doing.

5.       Adolescent period

This phase is begun since children’s age in 11 (eleven) years old. According to Riberu (1985:46), in this phase happen extraordinary physical growth. Every year children grow until many centimeters. Their muscle net begin develop and ossified. In the same time the energy will much used by that growth so that in this phase the necessary of nutrient very high and suggested to every adolescent not really work hard (excessive) in this period.[3]

Erikson said that adolescent period constitute searching time “self identity”. Formation of this identity direct to development of steady individuality direct. So that something must do in this period are:

a.       Learn about physical skill, like swimming and archery.

b.      Do charity more.

c.       Begin to work (get many experience).

d.      Awake from enchantment of world.

e.       Obedient and religion literate.

f.       Have good attitude (lemah lembut)

g.      Increase social knowledge, environment knowledge, and science knowledge especially about value

h.      Ward off carnal desire or lust

i.        Avoid from syubhat deed

j.        Avoid contact with free social intercourse.[4]

Educational process in this period is better that parent considering to their hobby to be realized by controlling them in order they always in the guidance of parent. And in this stage, parent need to give them understanding about education that is not given in their school or formal education. For example, sex education. The children need to know about it, because the basic characteristic of human being especially in this period is having high curiosity, so the purpose of this education is to avoid them from adolescent naughtiness.

6.      Adult period

At this time a lot of the terminology that is used to characterize a particular age in these days from their perspective different. There are mentions of reproductive age, because at this age there is a development of reproductive tools. And in Islamic Psychology mention of problem age because at this time someone have be applied taklifi law and someone have responsibility to do syariat laws in Islamic Religion. Someone has been able to use the mind and can understand something external (environmental). J.J. Rausseau said that at this time a person experiences during sensitive to religious education. In Islam for children in this period has also been charged duty (mukallaf) is characterized by a wet dream for boys and, menstruation for women so inevitably one must perform the obligation of prayer, fasting, zakat, etc., and avoiding and abandon sin. To know more about image worship briefly described here by Ibn Qayyim levels of worship:

a.       Heart Worship

The heart of worship must be sincere, trust, love, patience, repentance, fear, hope, justify pastidan intention to worship. heart must also dare to leave things that are forbidden, the arrogant, riya, ujub, spiteful, inattentive, and nifaq.

b.      Oral Worship

Oral worship five compulsory, ie say two sentences creed, read al Fatihah preformance prayer, reading dhikr dhikr dal; am praying, answering greetings, and doing good and avoiding evil (such as teaching a fool, reading the Koran , memorize useful knowledge, etc.).

c.       Limbs Worship and Senses

1.      Ear
What are obliged to hear what God and His Apostle, watching the explanation of Islam, faith and provisions of its provisions, and others, and it is forbidden to listen to it in the form of heresy and infidelity.

2.      Eye

Mandatory task is to see copy of the Qur’an and books and science books are prohibited unclean look, like seeing a woman who is not mahram because of impulse lust.

At this time things are supposed to do for someone are:

a.       Housekeep

Prophet Muhammad SAW. said:

“Wahai golongan pemuda! Barangsiapa diantara kamu yang mempunyai modal (lahir dan batin untuk menikah), maka hendaklah menikah. Sesungguhnya perkawinan itu dapat menjaga pandangan mata dan menjaga kehormatan. Maka barangsiapa yang tidak kuasa, hendaklah berpuasa karena berpuasa itu dapat menjadi obat”. (HR. al-Bukhari dan Muslim dari Abdullah).

Prophet Muhammad SAW. also said:

“Empat macam sunnah Rasul yaitu: nikah, bersiwak, memakai wewangian, dan memakai daun inai (pacar kuku)”. (HR. al-Tirmidzi)

b.      Managing the Family

c.       Parenting

d.      Looking for a good environment for families

In this period, educational process is not all coming from the parent because they have been mature, so educational process is autonomy such as been explained above. The role of parent here is watching out of what activity that the children are doing, and the important thing in this stage is the time of parent to listen and appropriate their thinking or opinion.

ANALYZING EXPERIENCE

            From the explanation of human development periods above, we can take many of learning. For example educational process in preconception period, we know that planning the next best generation is important. Explanation above explained that religiosity is the first to be considered in choosing partner of life.

            But now a day many of society have divorced each other. For example actors or actress who have been divorcing. Based on this context, we analyzed that they got married without considering to the religiosity, but considering the other aspect such as beautifulness or physically. The most reasons of divorcee is because of inability to solve the problems. Inability to solve the problems is causing people to be inpatient and despondent. Despondent in solving problems is showing that the spiritual or understanding deeply about religion is less more.

            In other hand, divorcee is giving bad influence to the children. For example of bad impact, the children will be bandit (gangster) because they are less of parental and taking care. There are some of children who are not being naughty because of their parent divorcee, but the most of children who are less of parental and taking care are going to be bad. And it can be guaranteed if the parent give different temperament, the children are going to be better.

REFERENCE

Desmita. Psikologi Perkembangan. 2006. Bandung: PT Remaja Rosdakarya

Hasan, Aliah B Purwakania. Pengantar Psikologi Kesehatan Islami. 2008. Jakarta: PT Raja Gravindo Persada

Jalaluddin. Psikologi Agama. 2005. Jakarta: PT Raja Gravindo Persada

Sapuri, Rafi. Psikologi Isam. 2009. Jakarta: Rajawali Pers

Shaleh, Abdur Rahman. Psikologi Suatu Pengantar Dalam Perspektif Islam. 2008. Jakarta: Kencana

file:///D:/university/4th%20semester/islamic%20education%20science/human%20being%20development%201.htm

file:///D:/university/4th%20semester/islamic%20education%20science/perkembangan-manusia-dalam-islam.html

file:///D:/university/4th%20semester/islamic%20education%20science/dampak-resiko-akibat-pernikahan-sedarah.html

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[1] Aliah B. purwakania Hasan, Pengantar Psikologi Kesehatan Islami, page on 300

[2] Ibid, page on 299

[3] Rafy Sapuri. Psikologi Islam: Tuntunan Jiwa Manusia.(Jakarta. Rajagrafindo Persada: 2009), p. 133

[4] Ibid, p. 134